* Globalization, Political Institutions, and Redistribution in Central and Eastern Europe 
* Bilyana Petrova and Aleksandra Sznajder Lee
* March 2022
* Analyses executed with Stata 17


* Variables and Sources:
rred00 - economic redistribution. Source: own calculations based on individual-level data from EU-SILC.
giniemi_tb00 - market income inequality. Source: own calculations based on individual-level data from EU-SILC. 
dis_gall - electoral disproportionality. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
v2x_polyarchy - electoral democracy index. Source: Coppedge et al.'s Varieties of Democracy Dataset (2021).
v2x_veracc - vertical accountability index. Source: Coppedge et al.'s Varieties of Democracy Dataset (2021).
v2x_diagacc - diagonal accountability index. Source: Coppedge et al.'s Varieties of Democracy Dataset (2021).
v2dlengage - engaged society index. Source: Coppedge et al.'s Varieties of Democracy Dataset (2021).
gov_left3 - parliamentary seat share of social democratic and other left parties in government. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2020).
veto - vety players. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
vturn - voter turnout in election. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2020).
ka_open - Chinn-Ito index of capital account openness. Source:Chinn, Menzie D. and Hiro Ito (2006). "What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions," Journal of Development Economics, Volume 81, Issue 1, Pages 163-192 (October).
fdiinflows - foreign direct investment inflows (% of GDP). Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021). 
trade - trade openness (sum of imports and exports as a % of GDP). Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021).
lngdppcpppc11d - GDP per capita, PPP, constant international dollars. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021).
gdpgrowth - GDP growth. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators.
unemploym - unemployment rate. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators.
agedep - age dependency ratio. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators.
deficit - annual deficit (overall balance / net lending of general government) as a percentage of GDP. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021). 
emu2 - Economic and Monetary Union membership. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
gov_type - Type of government. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
minimal - minimal winning coalition: All participating parties are necessary to form a majority government [>50.0%]. Source: own calculations based on Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021). 
surplusgov - surplus coalition: Coalition governments which exceed the minimal-winning criterion [>50.0%]. Source: own calculations based on Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021). 
socprotben - spending on social protection benefits. Source: Eurostat.
effpar_leg - effective number of parties on the seats level. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
perrem - personal remittances. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021).
wbqog - quality of government index. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators (2021).
emplind - industrial employment. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021).
rredistr - economic redistribution. Source: Frederick Solt's SWIID (2020).
govexpedu - government expenditure on education. Source: World Bank's Worldwide Development Indicators (2021).
almp_pmp - spending on active labor market policies. Source: Armingeon et al.'s Comparative Political Data Set (2021).
crisis2 - a dummy variable coded as 1 for the period between 2008 and 2013.


* Table 1*
xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 dis_gall v2x_polyarchy gov_left3 veto vturn ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 v2x_veracc gov_left3 veto vturn ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 v2x_diagacc gov_left3 veto vturn ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe



* Table 2 * 
xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn c.dis_gall##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open dis_gall)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(dis_gall=(0 (3) 18))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness on Redistribution") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Disproportionality", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist dis_gall, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(3)18) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn c.dis_gall##c.fdiinflows ka_open trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows dis_gall)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(dis_gall=(0 (3) 18))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Disproportionality", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist dis_gall, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(3)18) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn c.dis_gall##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade dis_gall)
margins, dydx(trade) at(dis_gall=(0 (3) 18))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Disproportionality", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist dis_gall, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(3)18) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3  veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.fdiinflows ka_open trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (0.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(trade) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (0.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3  veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.fdiinflows ka_open trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(trade) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) legend(off))



** Civil Society Models **
xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2dlengage##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open v2dlengage)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(v2dlengage=(-2.5 (1) 3))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness on Redistribution") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Engaged society index", size(small)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) addplot(hist v2dlengage, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2dlengage##c.fdiinflows ka_open trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows v2dlengage)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(v2dlengage=(-2.5 (1) 3))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Engaged society index", size(small)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) addplot(hist v2dlengage, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) legend(off))

xtreg rred giniemi_tb gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2dlengage##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade v2dlengage)
margins, dydx(trade) at(v2dlengage=(-2.5 (1) 3))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Engaged society index", size(small)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) addplot(hist v2dlengage, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2.5 (1) 3) legend(off))



** Coalition and Supermajority Dynamics **
gen minimal = 1 if gov_type == "Minimal winning coalition"
replace minimal = 0 if minimal == .

gen surplusgov = 1 if gov_type == "Surplus coalition"
replace surplusgov = 0 if surplusgov ==.

gen spmajority = 1 if gov_type == "Single-party majority government"
replace spmajority = 0 if spmajority ==.


xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn i.spmajority##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit c.year##c.idn2 emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017, fe
margins, dydx(spmajority ka_open)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(spmajority=(0 (1) 1))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Account Openness") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Government supermajority", size(small)) xlabel(0 (1) 1) addplot(hist spmajority, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(1)1) legend(off))


xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn i.spmajority##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit c.year##c.idn2 emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017, fe
margins, dydx(spmajority trade)
margins, dydx(trade) at(spmajority=(0 (1) 1))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Government supermajority", size(small)) xlabel(0 (1) 1) addplot(hist spmajority, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(1)1) legend(off))


xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn i.minimal##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit c.year##c.idn2 emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017, fe
margins, dydx(minimal ka_open)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(minimal=(0 (1) 1))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Account Openness") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Government minimal coalition", size(small)) xlabel(0 (1) 1) addplot(hist minimal, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(1)1) legend(off))


xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn i.minimal##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit c.year##c.idn2 emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017, fe
margins, dydx(minimal trade)
margins, dydx(trade) at(minimal=(0 (1) 1))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Government minimal coalition", size(small)) xlabel(0 (1) 1) addplot(hist minimal, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(1)1) legend(off))



** Social Spending Models ** 
xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness on Redistribution") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows  lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(trade) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.fdiinflows trade ka_open   lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(ka_open v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(ka_open) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Capital Openness on Redistribution") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2)) legend(off))

xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.trade ka_open fdiinflows  lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(trade v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(trade) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Trade") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2)) legend(off))

xtreg socprotben giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.fdiinflows trade ka_open   lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(fdiinflows v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(fdiinflows) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of FDI Flows") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2)) legend(off))



** Robustness Checks**

* KOF index *
xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy veto vturn c.dis_gall##c.KOFEcGI lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI dis_gall)
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI) at(dis_gall=(0 (3) 18))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Economic Globalization") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Disproportionality", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist dis_gall, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0(3)18) legend(off))

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_veracc##c.KOFEcGI lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI v2x_veracc)
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI) at(v2x_veracc=(0.5 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Economic Globalization") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Vertical accountability", size(small)) xlabel(0(3)18) addplot(hist v2x_veracc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(0.5(.5)2) legend(off))

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 veto vturn c.v2x_diagacc##c.KOFEcGI lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI v2x_diagacc)
margins, dydx(KOFEcGI) at(v2x_diagacc=(-2 (.5) 2))
marginsplot, recastci(rarea) ciopt(color(bluishgray)) title("Average Marginal Effects of Economic Globalization") ytitle(" ") xtitle("Diagonal accountability", size(small)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) addplot(hist v2x_diagacc, percent yaxis(2) yscale(alt lcolor() axis(2)) ylabel(0 "0%" 20 "20%" 60 " " 80 " " 100 " ", labcolor() axis(2) tlcolor(black) tlwidth(thin) labsize(small) tl(0)) ytitle("", axis(2)) xlabel(-2 (.5) 2) legend(off))



* Additional controls * 
xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_polyarchy effpar_leg perrem wbqog emplind veto vturn dis_gall ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit eu1 emu2 crisis2 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_veracc effpar_leg perrem wbqog emplind veto vturn dis_gall ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit eu1 emu2 crisis2 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg rred00 giniemi_tb00 gov_left3 v2x_diagacc effpar_leg perrem wbqog emplind veto vturn dis_gall ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit eu1 emu2 crisis2 c.year##c.idn2, fe



** Education Spending **
xtreg govexpedu gov_left3 veto dis_gall v2x_polyarchy ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth agedepyoung deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg govexpedu gov_left3 veto v2x_veracc ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth agedepyoung deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg govexpedu gov_left3 veto v2x_diagacc ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth agedepyoung deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe



** Active Labor Market Policies Spending **
xtreg almp_pmp gov_left3 veto dis_gall v2x_polyarchy ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe

xtreg almp_pmp gov_left3 veto v2x_veracc ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
 
xtreg almp_pmp gov_left3 veto v2x_diagacc ka_open fdiinflows trade lngdppcpppc11d gdpgrowth unemploym agedep deficit emu2 crisis2 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008 y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014 y2015 y2016 y2017 c.year##c.idn2, fe
 


  